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Adoption and Relevance

1. Popular features of CASE tools
2. CASE Tools in future…

History

Theterm CASE was originally coined by software company, Nastec Corporationof Southfield, Michigan in 1982 with their original integrated graphicsand text editor GraphiText, which also was the firstmicrocomputer-based system to use hyperlinks to cross-reference textstrings in documents — an early forerunner of today's web page link.GraphiText's successor product, DesignAid was the firstmicroprocessor-based tool to logically and semantically evaluatesoftware and system design diagrams and build a data dictionary. Thenext entrant into the market was Excelerator from Index Technology inCambridge, Mass. While DesignAid ran on Convergent Technologies andlater Burroughs Ngen networked microcomputers, Index launchedExcelerator on the IBM PC/AT platform. While, at the time of launch,and for several years, the IBM platform did not support networking or acentralized database as did the Convergent Technologies or Burroughsmachines, the allure of IBM was strong, and Excelerator came toprominence. Hot on the heels of Excelerator were a rash of offeringsfrom companies such as Knowledgeware, Texas Instrument's IEF and Accenture's FOUNDATION toolset (METHOD/1, DESIGN/1, INSTALL/1, FCP)
.

Introduction

Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) technologies are tools that provide automated assistance for software development .The goal of introducing CASE tools is the reduction of the time andcost of software development and the enhancement of the quality of thesystems developed. The interest in CASE tools and environments is basedon expectations about increasing productivity, improving productquality, facilitating maintenance, and making software engineers' taskless odious and more enjoyable. A survey of the CASE tool market showedthat the annual worldwide market for CASE fools was $4.8 billion in1990 and grew to $12.11 billion in 1995. Behind such a prosperous CASEmarket, however, another result gained from the real investigationabout the use of CASE tools revealed that CASE tools seem to besparsely used after being bought in many enterprises.

CASEis the use of computer-based support in the software developmentprocess; a CASE tool is a computer-based product aimed at supportingone or more software engineering activities within a softwaredevelopment process; a CASE environment is a collection of CASE toolsand other components together with an integration approach thatsupports most or all of the interactions that occur among theenvironment components, and between the users of the environment andthe environment itself.

Are CASE Tools being used?

Many prior studies have reported limited use of CASE tools. In a survey of 53 companies, foundthat 39 (73.5%) had never used CASE. Of the 14 companies who had triedCASE, five had subsequently abandoned use of the tools. People withinthese fourteen companies believed that use of CASE tools improveddocumentation quality, improved analysis, and resulted in systems thatwere easier to test and maintain. However, they also found use of CASEtools difficult and time consuming. In another cross organizationsurvey, found that only 24% of companies were using CASE tools. In afollow-up survey of thirteen managers who had been using CASE tools twoyears earlier, reported that continued CASE use could only be verifiedfor four managers. The reasons for abandonment included cost, lack ofmeasurable turns, and unrealistic expectations. Looking withinorganizations that used CASE tools it was found that large numbers oftheir systems developers were not using CASE tools.

Popular features of CASE tools

Theterm Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) encompasses manydifferent products with different functionalities. In the InternationalWorkshop on Computer-Aided Software Engineering (IWCASE) definition ofCASE very broad terms are used: “...tools and methods to supportengineering approach to systems development at all stages of theprocess”. When the termCASE is used, it is important to clarify what is being discussed. Mostclassifications of CASE tools start by considering whether the tool isupper CASE, lower CASE, or integrated CASE [3]. An upper CASE tool(front end CASE) provides support for the early stages in the systemsdevelopment life cycle such as requirements analysis and design. Alower CASE tool (back end CASE) provides support for the later stagesin the life cycle such as code generation and testing. Integrated CASEtools support both the early and later stages. Further classificationsusually list which functionalities are supported by the tool, such asdata flow diagrams, entity relationships data models, etc. provides adifferent type of model of CASE functionality which helps organize CASEtools.

Automated Diagram Support

CASETools offer an excellent array of features that support the developmentand business community through its Automated Diagram Support feature. The various popular features that aid the developmentcommunity are listed below:

• Checks for syntactic correctness
• Data dictionary support
• Checks for consistency and completeness
• Navigation to linked diagrams
• Layering
• Requirements traceability
• Automatic report generation
• System simulation
• Performance analysis

CASE Tools and its scope

CASEtechnology is the automation of step by step methodologies for softwareand system development. CASE tools are characterized by the stage orstages of software development life cycle on which they focus. Sincedifferent tools covering different stages share common information, itis required that they integrate through some central repository system(data dictionary) to have a consistent view of such information. Inphases of software development life cycle integrated through a centraldata dictionary. Case Tools are used in many ways in our organizations.Case tools can be broadly classed into these broader areas:

• Requirement Analysis Tool

• Structure Analysis Tool

• Software Design Tool

• Code Generation Tool

• Test Case Generation Tool

• Document Production Tool

• Reverse Engineering Tool

  
  

Whilemany organizations still use the SDLC methodology, it is oftensupplemented with other methods. Many systems developers use the CASEtools in various stages of the Software Development Life Cycle. Theymainly use it while developing the following methodologies:

• Life Cycle

• Object-oriented Approach

• Rapid Applications Development (RAD)

• Prototyping

• Joint Applications Development (JAD)

Thejob of a systems developer may contain requirements analysis, processdesign, data design, and programming among other activities. But, notall systems developers do the same activities. One may spend most ofhis or her time on analysis; another, on design. The various activitiesthat the system developers involve include Systems Analysis (includingfeasibility studies and requirements definition), Systems Design(including user interface, data, and process design), Programming (orgenerating code),

Testing,Supervisory or other management tasks and Maintenance. CASE tools playan important role in helping the system developers to perform the taskefficiently.

CASE Tools in future…

Horizontal and Vertical Division of AO-groups

Thewhole system is composed of many active objects. Active objects (AO)are categorized into several groups. Active objects in the same groupare responsible for the same type of tasks. For example, active objectsto support SA/SD methodology and object-oriented methodology. This iswhat we call horizontal division. All AO-groups are organizedhierarchically. For example, the group on top level is for users; thegroup on second level is for domains; the group on third level is fordevelopment knowledge; the group on fourth level is for tools; thegroup on fifth level is for technique support. This is what we call thevertical division. For each group, there is a delegate which is a localserver of that group. The communication among different groups isthrough delegates at the corresponding levels.

Knowledge Representation and Processing

Thesystem maintains multiple layers of knowledge and has the ability ofself-learning and self-improvement. Especially, the system can doreasoning on incomplete information. Otherwise, the system cannot'figure out' users' intentions and the interaction between a user and atool will not be able to continue in some cases. Each node can be boundto a set of rules. Mixed knowledge representation is good for reducingthe size of the network, and thus speeding up the learning process. Inneural network, an output can always be derived from any input, even ifthe input is incomplete. Self learning is a natural and standardprocess in a neural network.

Visual Integration of CASE Tools

Althougha CASE shell is very useful for the creation and integration of CASEtools, we believe it still is not simple and intuitive enough for CASEusers. We suggest to provide CASE users with more intuitive means todescribe the integration of CASE tools. A diagramming tool, similar toDFD diagramming tool, might be useful for this purpose. Pipe-filter,event-trigger and message passing models are all useful means torealize the integration of CASE tools.

Work Flow Model

Basically,software project development is a team based activity. A CASE toolshould be able to support this feature. For this purpose, it isnecessary to model the work process, and the collaboration andcoordination among team members. We hope to represent all theseinformation through a work flow model. Currently, there are many waysto model a work flow for team based collaborative software development.However, most of them are too strict to change dynamically (on thefly). We suggest using decentralized process models, such as'ViewPoint' (E), which can be described visually and is also possible to cope with deviations during process enactment.

Java Technologies

Weare sure that the next generation CASE tools will be able to operate inheterogeneous and distributed environments. JAVA is such aspecification which allows for transparent access to applicationsoperating on multiple computing platforms. JAVA is endorsed by the OMG,an organization that includes major computer manufacturers such asDigital, Sun, HP, IBM as well as software providers such as Microsoft,Sunsoft, and Object Design among its members. JAVA is possibly tobecome a de facto standard in the future. Based on this observation, wesuggest that the next generation CASE tools are established on CORBAstandard. To develop platform independent CASE tools, some platformindependent programming languages, such as Java programming languagewill be used.

Making a case for and against and CASE Tools

For	Against
Helps standardization of notations and diagrams	Limitations in the flexibility of documentation
Help communication between development team members	May lead to restriction to the tool's capabilities
Automatically check the quality of the models	Major danger: completeness and syntactic correctness does NOT mean compliance with requirements
Reduction of time and effort	Costs associated with the use of the tool: purchase + training
Enhance reuse of models or models' components	Staff resistance to CASE tools

1. http://www.clariondeveloper.net/modules/weblinks/viewcat.php?cid=32
2. www.downloadthat.com/pda/catalog/Case_Tools
   
3. www.itmweb.com/case.htm
   
4. www.compinfo.co.uk/apps/case_tools.htm
   

1. Norman,R.J. and Forte, G. “Automating the Software Development Process: CASEin the ‘9Os,” Communications of the ACM (35:4), 1992, p. 27

2. Brown, et al., Principles of CASE Tool Integrations, Oxford University Press, New York

3. Elshazly,H. and Grover, V. “A Study on the Evaluation of CASE Technology,”Journal of Information Technology Management (4:1), 1993.

4. Forte,G. and Norman, R.J. “A Self-Assessmenbty the Software EngineeringCommunity,” Communications of the ACM (35:4), 1992, 28-32.

5. P.Jallaart et ai., ' A Reflective Approach to Process ModelCustomization, Enactment and Evolution ', Pro¢ of the 3rd InternationalConference on the Software Process, 1994, pp.21-32.

6. F.Russell, ' The case for Case ', Software Engineering : A EuropeanPerspective, edited by Richard H. Thayer and Andrew D. McGettriek, IEEEComputer Society Press, Los Alamitos, California, pp.531-547.
7. I.Aaen, 'CASE Tool Bootstrapping--how little strokes fell great oaks ',Next Generation CASE Tools, edited by K. Lyytinen, V.-P. Tahvanainen,lOS, Netherlands, 1992, pp.8-17.
8. A. Brown, et al., Princ~les of CASE Tool Integrations, Oxford University Press, New York, 1994.
9. P.Jallaart et ai., ' A Reflective Approach to Process ModelCustomization, Enactment and Evolution ', Pro¢ of the 3rd InternationalConference on the Software Process, 1994, pp.21-32.
10. U.Leonhardt et al., ' Decentralized Process Enactment in aMulti-Perspective Development Environ-ment ', Proc of the 17thInternational Conference on Software Engineering, 1995, pp.255-264.

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Summary

This article describes some useful tools for Microsoft Outlook for Mac.

More information

Outlook Search Repair

The Outlook Search Repair tool repairs search results within Outlook.

Important

Due to some changes in macOS Mojave, this tool no longer works in 10.14 and higher. If you are on macOS Mojave (10.14), you can follow the steps below to reindex Spotlight for Outlook for Mac.

1. Choose Apple menu, then System Preferences, and then Spotlight.

2. Select the Privacy tab.

3. In Finder:

   1. On the Go menu, select Go to Folder...

   2. Copy and paste the following location into the 'Go to the folder:' dialog box and select Go:

      ~/Library/Group Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/Outlook/Outlook 15 Profiles/

4. Drag the 'Main Profile' folder to the Privacy tab. Once added, remove the folder, and Spotlight will re-index the folder.

   You must perform this step for any additional profile folders you have.

See the following article from Apple to learn more: How to rebuild the Spotlight index on your Mac.

When to use the tool

Use this tool if search results within Outlook show nothing or return older items only. For example, if you search for an email message that you already have open and that message isn't displayed in the search results.

How to use the tool

1. Download and open the Outlook Search Repair tool.

2. Follow the instructions.

   Note The tool searches for duplicate installations of Outlook. If no duplicates are detected, go to step 3. If duplicates are detected, remove the duplicate Outlook installations, and then restart the system. After your system is restarted, the Outlook Search Repair tool may reopen. If it does reopen, exit and restart the tool.

3. Select Reindex.

   Note The Outlook Search Repair tool displays a 'Reindexing, please wait' message while it works. Wait for this process to finish. This may require an hour or more, depending on the size of your Outlook profile. Outlook doesn't have to be open when the repair occurs. A spotlight search will be slower and may not finish while the index is being repaired.

4. Exit the Outlook Search Repair tool when you receive the following message after the repair is completed:

   Done! Reindexing has completed!

OutlookResetPreferences

The Outlook Reset Preferences tool resets all Outlook preferences to their default settings.

When to use the tool

Use this tool to reset any customizations that you've made to Outlook by using the Preferences option on the Outlook menu. This tool also stores the settings for the Outlook window size and position. This tool shouldn't be needed most of the time. But it can be useful.

Note The Outlook Preferences file doesn't contain all the preferences for the application. Also, resetting Outlook preferences doesn't remove email messages or account settings.

How to use the tool

Easy Struts Case Tool For Mac Os

1. Download and open the Outlook Reset Preferences tool.
2. Click the Reset Now! button. This closes Outlook if it's open, and then resets the preferences to their default settings.
3. Exit the Outlook Reset Preferences tool.

Easy Struts Case Tool For Mac Osx

SetDefaultMailApp

The Default Mail Application tool lets you easily make Outlook the default mail application.

When to use the tool

Use this tool if you want Outlook to open a new email message when you click a mailto: link in an email message or on a website. Selecting a mailto: link opens the default email application. Outlook isn't the default email application until you change that setting.

How to use the tool

1. Download and open the Default Mail Application tool.
2. In the Default Mail Application dialog box, select com.microsoft.outlook, and then click Make Default.
3. Exit the Default Mail Application tool.

ResetRecentAddresses

The Reset Recent Addresses tool lets you reset recent addresses that Outlook stores. This tool deletes all recent addresses instead of you having to manually delete addresses one at a time.

When to use the tool

When you compose an email message and add people on the To, Cc, or Bcc line, Outlook suggests names as you type characters. The list of names that Outlook uses is a combination of stored contacts, the company directory, and recent contacts. Recent contacts have an 'X' character next to each name. Without this tool, you have to click the 'X' on each contact to remove that contact from the Recent Address List. The Reset Recent Addresses tool cleans out all recent addresses at the same time.

How to use the tool

1. Download and open the ResetRecentAddresses tool.
2. Click the Reset Now! button.
3. Exit the Reset Outlook Recent Addresses tool.